UNIT II - CHROMATOGRAPHY
Introduction, history, classification, separation techniques, choice of methods. The following techniques are to be discussed with relevant examples of pharmaceutical products involving principles and techniques of separation of drugs from excipients.
a. Column Chromatography: Adsorption column chromatography, Operational techniques, frontal analysis, and elution analysis. Factors affecting column efficiency, applications, and partition chromatography.
b. TLC: Introduction, principle, techniques, detailed method of operation of Thin Layer Chromatography, the importance of Rf value and applications.
c. PC: Introduction, the principle, types of paper chromatography, preparation techniques, development techniques, applications.
d. Ion-exchange chromatography: Introduction, principles, types of ion-exchange synthetic resins, physical properties, factors affecting ion exchange, methodology and applications.
e. HPLC: Introduction, theory, instrumentation with describing each component, and applications.
f. HPTLC: Introduction, theory, instrumentation, and applications.
g. Gas Chromatography: Introduction, theory, instrumentation-carrier gases, types of columns, stationary phases in GLC & GSC. Detectors-Flame ionization detectors, electron capture detector, thermal conductivity detector. Typical gas chromatogram, derivatization techniques, programmed temperature gas chromatography, applications.
h. Electrophoresis: Principles of separation, equipment for paper and gel electrophoresis, and application.
i. Gel filtration and affinity chromatography: Introduction, operational technique, applications.